​SUMMARY: UNIFIED FIELD THEORY SOLVED?

It was a year ago in 2020 that the correct solution to gravity and cosmic expansion finally fell into place after struggling with fundamental contradictions in physics since 1972. Of course, it wasn't taken seriously, but my convictions hardened until these last few comments came to mind in 2021 when I realized that I'd met Einstein's stated criterion for a solution to the "unified field theory" by establishing the connection between gravity and electromagnetism.   Well, perhaps that wasn't what he meant, but it's a minor point. The goal met was to explain the cause of gravity, entropy and the flow of time as cosmic expansion as a property of matter.  

The "unified field theory" was not a result expected, and I'd be sneered at to mention that I might seriously have a solution, but then I realize that I couldn't be far off. So, I'm going to dig from memory what questions the unified field theory is meant to answer and show how I've answered them in these chapters with the proof that the cause of gravity is cosmic expansion. But first it helps to trace back to the initial creation of the universe. The Big Bang is a foolish misnomer, but everyone agrees that the universe started out as kernel of pure energy, infinitely hot and with zero entropy. As it expanded and cooled, matter began to condense from the energy resulting in the familiar subatomic particles that make up everything we see. Hubble discovered a red shift in light from far away galaxies and eventually the consensus was that this red shift was due to expansion of the universe that could be extrapolated backwards to a Big Bang. The idea caught on that this was the aftermath of an enormous explosion of energy which has ever since been slowly winding down. It's since been shown on the contrary that cosmic expansion is accelerating. The idea has become firmly planted that distances between galaxies are increasing as a result of cosmic expansion as well Hawking's well supported belief that the universe has no boundary and everywhere it the center of expansion.  These are fundamentally conflicting ideas because if every point is the center of cosmic expansion then yardsticks would also be expanding and there would be no direct way of gauging it. Indeed, it is common knowledge that a yardstick when moved to a higher elevation (farther distance from a body of mass) will expand, but only as viewed by a remote observer. The person who carries the yardstick will see no differences because the yardstick's natural length can only be measured by means of the distance light travels in a given time and the clock rate will increase or shrink simultaneously with the yardstick. If we're talking about true cosmic expansion, we would see no differences in distances between galaxies when going back and forth through time even though we know expansion has taken place. This isn't to say that distances may have increased as an incidental result because as cosmic expansion takes Newton's universal gravitational constant, known as G, would likely decrease, but this tells us nothing about the fundamental cosmic expansion that physicists seem to have overlooked. For that we need another observer outside the universe who we have designated as the master G residing in master coordinates, M. 

The proof we've established rests on two postulates. The first postulate is that true cosmic expansion is correctly inferred from red shift data but produces no measurable internal changes in dimensions or clock speed. This is common sense on one hand, but also well supported by the outstanding work of Einstein proving that clock speed and dimensions change together throughout any range of gravitational strength or potential energy. Cosmic expansion produces no measurable changes in the distances between galaxies aside from that inferred from red shifts. This not new knowledge even though it conflicts with public notions about what is meant by cosmic expansion. The second postulate or law is altogether new, that cosmic expansion is not due to dark energy but is a property of matter, and that the rate of expansion is responsible for the force of gravity. This is the correct point of view that leads to solution of the unified field theory. 

From the second postulate it follows that the rate of local expansion will depend on the quantity and density of matter in a given region. This matches Einstein's statement that objects do not fall to Earth, but it is the Earth that accelerates towards them. On the face of it, this sounds absurd, but since local gravitational expansion is in fact part of overall cosmic expansion, it would not be locally observed or experienced. What is experienced is the resulting force this otherwise invisible expansion appears to create between bodies of mass that is proportional to the mass of both. No matter how initially counter intuitive, these postulates properly resolve the conflicting arguments of physicists about the expansion of space and the cause of gravity.  Note that any distant large body of mass, both planets and stars, demonstrate the phenomenon of red shift, but we don't assign the cause as recessional velocity. Gravitational red shifts are part of cosmic expansion as a whole and not primarily due to recession, then from any point of view outside the universe, gravitational redshift is caused by expansion. Indeed, every particle in the universe is expanding and pushing against every other particle with a gravitational force proportional to its mass.  From these facts flow a surprisingly easy solution to the unified field theory. 

The goal of the unified field as proposed by Einstein and his followers has been to "unify" the four fundamental forces, the strong force (nuclear attraction), the weak force (gravity), and electromagnetism. I do not mention the fourth force, the weak interaction, because the phenomenon is too obscure and unfamiliar to daily experience, but I'm sure that better minds would make it work out once the connection between gravity and cosmic expansion is understood. The problems posed by physicists miss the mark by assigning the cause of these forces as different kinds of particles, such as the graviton for gravity. There is no particle that causes gravity. Gravity is only the result of non uniform cosmic expansion as a property of matter. This solution does, however, tie together the phenomena of gravity and electromagnetic interaction which Einstein believed was key to a unified physics. For example, measuring the redshift of the sun tells us exactly what the cosmic rate of expansion is between the sun and any point assumed to be at a fixed position in our dimension. Gravity, light speed, clock speed, entropy and even time itself are all functions of cosmic expansion. Relative differences are measurable by means of the red shift measurable between any two points. The idea of physicists that galactic red shift and the red shift of stars stem from different causes is wrong because all are aspects of cosmic expansion produced by the presence of matter. Since in our dimension clock speed and distance change together, this expansion isn't visible but must be inferred from the red shift and the rate of expansion determines the force of gravity between any two points.  

As for the "strong interaction" binding subatomic particles, this also is likely a function of expansion on a tiny scale where the Plank constant enforces the behavior of atoms. No particles or dark energy need be invented to explain any of these things. More difficult to explain might be Einstein's remark that objects do not fall but the Earth expands to meet them. While averse to making harsh judgments, I very much believe that Einstein knew that the cosmic expansion gravity model proposed by Friedman was correct, but admitting that would have required he forfeit his status as the greatest physicist of all time. I may be wrong in such a personal judgment but not wrong about cosmic expansion being the cause of gravity. The model I submit to you here provides answers to the biggest questions facing physicists today and may also be helpful in understanding quantum phenomena.